Mr. ENARO의 BASIC GRAMMAR(구문별 정리)
1.가주어, 진주어 구문
It ---------- to 동사원형
가주어 --ing
that S + V
whether S + V
Wh 절(의문사절)
진주어
2.가목적어,진목적어 구문
S + V(think,make,take,find,) it ＠,＠구/ⓝ,ⓝ구 to 동사원형
(feel,believe,suppose,) 가.목 --ing
(owe) that S + V
if(whether) S + V
Wh 절(의문사절)
진.목
3.시제일치 예외(가정법 현재 구문)
S + V:주장(insist,argue,maintain) that S + (should) 동사원형
요구(ask,demand,require) (that절 이하가 아직 이루어지지
명령(order,command) 않은 일을 나타내며,“--해야 한다”의
결정(decide,determine) 의미를 지녀야 할 때)
충고(advise)
제안(suggest,propose)
권고(recommend)
(EX) I suggested that he (should) go to the meeting.
(주의)suggest가 ‘제안하다’가 아닌 ‘암시하다’의 뜻일 때는 ‘직설법 시제’ 사용
(EX) His remark suggested that the accident had taken place(must have taken place) on the zebra crossing.
(주의)that절 이하의 내용이 가정이 아닌 실제로 일어난 일일 때는 직설법 사용
(EX) He insisted that the accident had taken place(must have taken place)
on the zebra crossing.
★“--이 없다면”,“ --이 없었더라면” 구문
1. Without -ing(ⓝ) , S + 조동사과거(would,should,could,might) + 동사원형 :가정법 과거 구문
But for -ing(ⓝ) , S + 조동사과거 + 동사원형
If it were not for -ing(ⓝ) , S + 조동사과거 + 동사원형
Were it not for -ing(ⓝ) , S + 조동사과거 + 동사원형 :(If의 생략)
해석:“--이 없다면”
☞직설법 현재로 전환 가능
2.Without -ing(ⓝ) , S + 조동사과거 + have + p.p .
But for -ing(ⓝ) , S + 조동사과거 + have + p.p .
If it had not been for -ing(ⓝ) , S + 조동사과거 + have + p.p .
Had it not been for -ing(ⓝ) , S + 조동사과거 + have + p.p .
해석:“--이 없었더라면”
☞직설법 과거로 전환 가능
(EX)1.Without his help , she could not succeed in life.
( )( ) his help , she ------------------ .
( )( )( )( )( ) his help , she ----------- .
( )( )( )( ) his help , she ---------------- .
( ) he helps her , she can succeed in life.
( )( ) his help , she can succeed in life.
2.Without his father's influence , he would never have gotten the job.
( )( ) his father's influence , he ------------------------- .
( )( )( )( )( )( ) his father's influence , he ----- .
( )( )( )( )( ) his father's influence , he ---------- .
( ) his father had an influence ,he got the job.
( )( ) his father's influence , he got the job.
♧“--하자마자” 용법♧
As soon as she entered her room, she began to cry.
=On(Upon) entering her room, she ------- .
=The moment( minute,instant) she entered her room, she -------- .
=Instantly(Directly,Immediately) she entered her room, she -------.
=She had hardly(scarcely) entered her room, when(before) she -------- .
★이 용법에서는 시제가 한 시제 빨라짐을 주의
=Hardly(Scarcely) had she entered her room, when(before) she --------- .
★부정어 도치시에는 어순 주의: 부정어 + 조동사 + 주어 + 본동사 -- .
=She had no sooner entered her room, than she --------- .
★이 용법에서도 시제가 한 시제 빨라짐을 주의
=No sooner had she entered her room, than she --------- .
★ 부정어 도치시에는 어순 주의: 부정어 + 조동사 + 주어 + 본동사
♧To부정사의 형용사적 서술용법: S + be to + Ⓡ
1.예정:be due to Ⓡ (EX)He is to arrive tomorrow morning.
2.의무:must,have to (EX)He is to do his homework in the morning.
3.의도:intend to (EX)He is not to hurt her.
4.가능:can (EX)He is to read and write.
5.운명:be doomed to(be destined to) (EX)His hope was never to come true.
☞어순 주의해야 할 단어들☜
♠“so(as, too, how) + 형용사 + 관사 + 명사” 어순에 주의
(EX)1.She is so pretty a girl.
2.He is as brave a man as ever breathed.
: "그는 다시 없는 용감한 사나이다".
3.This is too large a room for us.
4.How foolish a boy you are!
♠“such(quiet, what) + 관사 + 형용사 + 명사” 어순에 주의
(EX)1.She is such a pretty girl.
2.she is quite a pretty girl.
3.What a foolish boy you are!
☞To부정사의 형용사적 서술 용법:“S + be to + "☜
1.예정:be due to Ⓡ
(EX)He is to arrive tomorrow morning.
2.의무:must, have to
(EX)He is to do his homework in the morning.
3.의도:intend to
(EX)He is not to hurt her.
4.가능:can
(EX)He is to read and write.
5.운명:be doomed to = be destined to
(EX)His hope was never to come true.
☞"조동사 + have + p.p"구문☜
●S + should + have + p.p : “S는 --했어야만 했다”(실제로는 하지 않았다)
●S+shouldn't+have + p.p : “S는 --하지 말았어야 했다”(실제로는 해 버렸다)
●S + may(might) + have + p.p : “S는 --였을지 모른다”(과거의 추측)
●S + can't + have + p.p : “S는 --였을 리가 없다”
●S + must + have + p.p : “S는 --했음에 틀림없다”
●S+need + have + p.p : “S는 --할 필요가 있었는데”(실제로는 않했다) ●S+needn't+ have + p.p : “S는 --할 필요가 없었는데”(실제로는 했다)
(QUESTION)다음 한글을 영문으로 고쳐 쓰시오.
1.그는 욕실에 있었을 리가 없다.
He ( )( )( ) in the bath.
2.난 두꺼운 외투를 입을 필요가 없었는데.(입었다)
I ( )( )( ) on my thick coat.
3.난 그녀에게 전화를 할 필요가 있었는데.(하지 않았다)
I ( )( ) telephoned her.
4.그는 틀림없이 지쳐 있었을 것입니다. - 아뇨, 그랬을 리가 없습니다.
He ( )( )( ) tired. - No, he ( )( )( ).
5.그 손님들은 작별인사도 없이 떠나는 것이 아니었는데.(떠나 버렸다)
The guests ( )( )( ) without saying good bye.
※혼동되는 숙어 파악하기
• no(thing) more than = nothing but = but = only :"오직,다만"
● not more than = at most :"기껏해야" --- 『나몰랴』
● no less than = as many(much) as : "--만큼이나" --- 『놀래나』
● not less than = at least : "적어도" --- 『나래도』
(EX)①I have no more than ten books.
②He has not more than ten dollars.
③Mr. Brown earns no less than one hundred dollars a day.
④I have read not less than one book a week.
☞능동. 수동 구문☜
가.분사
1.종류:현재분사(능동,진행)와 과거분사(P.P - 수동,완료)
2.역할:동사의 성질을 가지고 형용사의 역할을 한다.
3.용법:①한정(수식) 용법
ⓐ전치수식: --ing ⓝ :수식하는 명사와의 관계가 능동
p.p :수식하는 명사와의 관계가 수동
ⓑ후치수식:ⓝ --ing 다른 수식어구 :수식하는 명사와의 관계가 능동
P.P :수식하는 명사와의 관계가 수동
♠--ing 또는 P.P뒤에 다른 수식어구가 있으면 후치 수식함
②서술 용법
ⓒS.C(주격 보어):S + V + S.C(--ing) :S와의 관계가 능동
( P.P ) :S와의 관계가 수동
ⓓO.C(목적 보어):S + V + O + O.C(--ing) :O와의 관계가 능동
( P.P ) :O와의 관계가 수동
▶( )속에서 알맞은 것을 고르시오.(① - ⑧)
① The (exciting,excited) children were opening their presents.
② The (exciting,excited) thing happened to her.
③ The girl (playing,played) the violin is my sister.
④ The instrument (playing,played) by my sister is the violin.
⑤ A lot of children sat (surrounding,surrounded) an old man.
⑥ An old man sat (surrounding,surrounded) by many children.
⑦ I watched him (crossing,crossed,cross) the street.
⑧ I heard the piano (play,played,playing) by Judy.
나.지각동사(see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listen to,feel,smell,taste등)
① S + 지각동사 + O + O.C (--ing,Ⓡ) : O와의 관계가 능동
( P.P ) : O와의 관계가 수동
다.사역동사(make,let,have)
① S + 사역동사 + O + O.C ( Ⓡ ) : O와의 관계가 능동
( P.P ) : O와의 관계가 수동
라.특수사역동사(get)
① S + get + O + O.C ( to Ⓡ ) : O와의 관계가 능동
( P.P ) : O와의 관계가 수동
◈지각동사의 예문은 위의 『가』항의 문제 ⑦,⑧참조
다.(EX) I made him (mend,mended) my computer.
I made my computer (mend,mended) by him.
라.(EX) I got him (repair,to repair,repaired,repairing) my computer.
I got my computer (fix,to fix,fixed,fixing) by him.
마.분사구문
▶주절 주어와의 관계가 능동일 때에는 --ing로 시작되고,
주절 주어와의 관계가 수동일 때에는 P.P로 시작된다.(앞에 Being이나 Having been이 생략된 형태)
마.(EX) (Having,Had) lots of homework to do, he couldn't go swimming.
(Writing,Written) in German, the letter was hard for me to read.
☞병렬 구조 구문☜
◈병렬구조는 평행구조라고도 하며, 영어로는 『PARALLELISM』이라고 한다.
이는 등위접속사와 상관접속사, 비교 구문의 앞,뒤가 동일한 구조로 놓여져야 한다는 것을 의미.
1.등위접속사(and, but, or)
2.상관접속사
① not Ⓐ but Ⓑ : Ⓐ가 아니라 Ⓑ인
② either Ⓐ or Ⓑ : Ⓐ나Ⓑ 둘 중의 하나인
③ neither Ⓐ nor Ⓑ : Ⓐ와Ⓑ 둘 다 아닌
④not only(merely, simply, just) Ⓐ but also Ⓑ = Ⓑ as well as Ⓐ
⑤both Ⓐ and Ⓑ : Ⓐ와 Ⓑ 둘 다
⑥not that(because) S + V --, but that(because) S + V---
= not because of --ing(ⓝ)--, but because of --ing(ⓝ)--
3.비교 구문:비교구문에서도 비교대상이 같은 구조로 연결된다.
▶다음 ( )에서 알맞은 것을 고르시오.(① - ⑪)
①He is a man of great talents and (skills, skillful).
②She is conscientious, devoted, and (hard-working, work hard).
③Her apology was clumsily but (effectively, effective) made. ④He was a writer, a driver, and (a teacher, taught science).
⑤He went to America, bought some books, and (visited, visiting) his son.
⑥She was at a loss for what to do and (how she should do it, how to do it).
⑦It's not that he is dull, but that (he is dishonest, he shows dishonesty).
⑧To answer correctly is as important as (to finish on time, finishing on time).
⑨Her smile was both mischievous and (a childlike one, childlike).
⑩Early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and (wise, wisdom).
⑪To answer accurately is much more important than (to respond , responding) quickly.
☞주의해야 할 동사 구문☜
1.주의해야 할 동사
가.S + 사역 V(make, let, have) + O + O.C:능동-Ⓡ ; 수동-P.P
나.S + look(seem, appear, taste) ⓐ(형용사)
(smell, feel, sound)
위의 동사들 다음에는 우리말로는 부사처럼 해석되나, ⓐ가 주격보어로서 온다.
(cf) S + look(seem, feel, sound) like --ing(ⓝ)
다.S + get(--하개 하다) + O + O.C:능동-to Ⓡ ; 수동-P.P
라.목적격 보어(O.C)로 'to Ⓡ'를 취하는 동사
S + allow(cause, want, encourage) + O + O.C(to Ⓡ)
마.S + help(bid) + O + O.C:'to Ⓡ'이나 ‘Ⓡ’ 둘 다 가능
bid-bade(bid)-bidden(bid)
2.정확한 의미 파악을 요하는 동사들
가.암기할 동사:놀라게 하다(surprise, astonish, astound, amaze)
interest-흥미를 가지게 하다. disappoint-실망시키다
satisfy-만족시키다 . please-기쁘게 하다
나.전치사가 붙어 뜻이 변하는 동사
enter:들어가다 , swear:맹세하다
enter into: --을 시작하다 swear at:--에게 욕을 하다
다.자동사 + 전치사 = 타동사
object to=oppose , complain of=grunt
start from=leave , arrive at(in)=reach
reply to=answer , account for=explain
라.자동사로 혼동하기 쉬운 동사
resemble(--을 닮다=take after) , enter(--로 들어가다)
marry(--와 결혼하다) , mention(--에 대해 언급하다=speak of)
attend(--에 참석하다=be present at)
discuss(--에 대해 토론하다=talk over)
(cf)attend to(--에 주의를 기울이다)
(EX) He resembled after his father. (T , F)
She married with a novelist. (T , F)
He mentioned of the matter. (T , F)
She will attend the meeting. (T , F)
She entered the room in haste. (T , F)
☞시제관련 구문☜
가.과거완료(had + p.p):과거이전의 시점에서 일어났거나, 과거 이전의 시점에 서 행위가 시작되어 과거까지 그 행위가 계속될 때 사용
(EX)When he arrived at the airport, the airplane had already left.
나.과거완료 진행형(had + been + --ing):과거이전의 시점에서 그 행위가 시 작되어 과거에까지 계속되고, 과거시점에서도 그 행위가 진행중일 때
(EX)When I entered her room, she had been studying English for 5 hours.
다.현재완료(have:has + p.p):과거시점에서 시작되어 그 행위가 현재에까지
영향을 미칠 때
●용법:①완료:보통 already, just, yet과 함께 사용시
②경험:보통 ever, never, twice, three times, ...... times, before등과 함께 사용됨
③계속:보통 for, since, so far, recently, How long등과 함께
사용됨
④결과:함께 사용되는 특정 어구는 없슴
(CF)★have been to :--에 갔다 온 적이 있다 (경험)
have gone to :--에 가 버렸다 (결과)
(EX)She has been to America. (그녀는 지금 현재 미국이외의 다른 곳에 있다)
She has gone to America. (그녀는 지금 현재 미국에 있다)
●과거시제와의 비교
He lost his watch. (그는 과거에 시계를 잃어버려, 그 이후 시계의
행방을 모를 때)
He has lost his watch. (그는 과거에 시계를 잃어버렸고, 현재도 그 시계 를 찾지 못한 상태일 때)
라.행위가 아니라 상태를 나타낼 때는 ‘현재완료’대신, "be + p.p"를 사용할 수 있다.-- 동사는 'go'나 ‘come'이 쓰인다.
(EX)The smiling landscape of last summer has(is) gone.
마.현재완료와 함께 쓰일 수 없는 어구들:①just now ②then ③-- ago
④last ⑤yesterday ⑥의문사when ⑦what time
⑧명확한 과거를 나타내는 어구
(Q)She has arrived in Seoul a few days ago. ( T , F )
When have they finished their work? ( T , F )
He has worked for this company since last year. ( T , F )
☞조동사 관련 구문☜
가.①S + should + have + P.P : S는 --했어야만 했다(실제론 그러지 못했음)
(EX)He should have telephoned her.
②S + shouldn't have + P.P : S는 --하지 말았어야 했다.(실제론 그랬다)
(EX)The guests shouldn't have left without saying good-bye.
③S + must + have + P.P : S는 --했음에 틀림없다.
(EX)He must have been tired.
나.S + may(might) + have + P.P : S는 --였을지 모른다(아마 --였을 것이다)
(EX)She may(might) have cried on receiving his letter.
다.조동사 ‘suould'의 주요 용법
①“--해야 한다”:must, ought to, have to로 전환 사용 가능
②가정법 현재 구문
S + V:주장(insist, argue, maintain) that S' + (should) + Ⓡ
요구(ask, demand, require) (that절 이하가 아직
명령(order, command) 이루어지지 않은 일을
결정(decide, determine) 나타내며, “-해야 한다”의
제안(suggest, propose) 의미를 지녀야 할 때)
충고(advise)
권고(recommend)
(EX)I suggested that he (should) go to the meeting.
(주의)Sugges가 ‘제안하다’의 뜻이 아닌 ‘암시하다’의 뜻일 때는 ‘직설법’ 사용
(EX)His remark suggested that the accident had taken place(must have taken place) on the zebra crossing.
(주의)that 절이하의 내용이 가정이 아닌 실제로 일어난 일일 때는 직설법 사용
(EX)He insisted that the accident had taken place(must have taken place) on the zebra crossing.
③의무, 필요, 당연의 형용사 다음의 that 절에서 사용됨
● It's essential(necessary, natural) that S' + (should) Ⓡ
(EX)It's essential that a good worker (should) be efficient.
라.조동사 “will" - 단순한 미래나, 주어의 의지, 습성, 고집 나타냄
(EX)I will graduate in a few weeks.
He will have his way.(그는 자기 주장을 고집하려 한다)
She won't listen to me.(그녀는 나의 말을 들으려 하지 않는다)
☞to부정사 구문☜
가.S + cause(expect, want, tell, ask, allow, encourage) + O + O.C(to Ⓡ)
나.의미상의 주어:①‘to부정사’ 바로 앞에 “for + 목적격” 사용
②사람의 성질을 나타내는 형용사(kind, silly, foolish, clever, wise, careful, careless, obstinate)등이 있을 때는
“of + 목적격”을 ‘to부정사’ 바로 앞에 사용
(EX)①It's very easy for me to read this book.
= ( ) ( ) is very easy for me to read.
②It's so kind ( ) you to show me the way to the airport.
= ( ) are so kind to show me the way to the airport.
다.to부정사의 부정:‘to부정사’ 바로 앞에 ‘not’나 ‘never’를 붙인다.
(EX)He decided never to break his promise.
라.의문사 + to Ⓡ = 의문사 + S + should + Ⓡ
(EX)①I don't know ( ) ( ) ( )..
= I don't know where I should go.
②I don't know how to break up with her.
마.enough:명사(충분한 것), 형용사(충분한), 부사(충분히)로 사용 가능
◎①형용사로 사용될 때에는 명사 앞, 뒤에 다 올 수 있다.
(EX)He has enough money to buy a new house.(o)
He has money enough to buy a new house.(o)
②부사로 사용될 때에는 형용사나 부사 다음에만 온다.
(EX)He is rich enough to buy a new house.(o)
He is enough rich to buy a new house.(X)
바.부사적 목적 용법과 결과 용법 비교
●목적:①S + V ---- (so) (that) S' + can(may) + Ⓡ
“--하기 위해서” (in order) that S' ---- .
(so as) to + Ⓡ
(in order) to + Ⓡ
●결과:S + V + so 형용사(부사) (that) S' + V' ---- .
“너무 --해서 so 형용사(부사) as to Ⓡ
--하다”
②V'가 긍정일 때:"S + V 형용사(부사) enough to Ⓡ"로 전환 가능
③V'가 부정일 때:“S + V too 형용사(부사) to Ⓡ"로 전환 가능
(EX)①She went to America so that she might study art.
= She ------ in order that she ----------- .
= She ------ so as to(in order to) study art.
②This computer is so cheap that I can buy it.
= This computer is ( )( )( )( )( )( ).
③She was so obstinate that I couldn't persuade her.
= She was ( ) obstinate ( ) ( ) ( ) persuade her.
(cf)You are never too late to learn everything you want.
사.‘to부정사’를 목적어로 취하는 동사:『offer, decide, hope, agree, plan,
manage, learn, fail, wish, want 등』
아.‘to부정사’와‘동명사’가 올 때 뜻이 달라지는 동사들
★S + forget --to + Ⓡ : '미래‘ - “--할 것을”이라고 해석
(remember) --ing : '과거‘ - “--한 것을”이라고 해석
(EX)①He forgot to mail the letter.
= He forgot that he ( ) ( ) the letter.
②He remembered mailing(having mailed) the letter.
= He remembered that he ( ) ( ) the letter.
★S + try --ing : ‘시험삼아 한번 --해보다’
to Ⓡ : ‘--하기 위해서 노력하다(애쓰다, 시도하다)’
(EX)She tried keeping a diary in English.
She tried to write a letter in English.
★S + stop --ing : ‘--하는 것을 그만두다’ (EX)He stopped smoking.
to Ⓡ : ‘--하기 위해서 멈추다’. He stopped to smoke.
자.대부정사:앞에 나온 내용을 ‘to’만으로 대신하여 받는 부정사
(EX)You may go home, if you want to(go home).
차.분리부정사:‘to’와‘동사원형’사이에 ‘부사’가 들어가 있는 부정사
(EX)They were believed to generally change.
카.독립부정사:관용적 표현들로 이미 숙어화되어 있는 부정사 표현들
①to tell the truth:( )
②to be frank with you:( ) = frankly speaking
③strange to say:( )
④so to speak:( ) = as it were = what you(we, they) call
= what is called = so called
⑤to make matters worse:( )
⑥not to mention:--은 말할 필요도 없이(--은커녕) = let alone
= not to speak of = to say nothing of = much less = still less
= much more=still more
♣(단, much more과 still more은 앞문장이 긍정문일 때 사용하며,
much less와 still less는 앞문장이 부정문일 때 사용한다)
☞동명사 구문☜
♠동명사란: 동사의 성질을 가지고 명사의 역할을 하는 “--ing”형태
가. S , O , C 로 사용된다
(EX)Speaking English is difficult. (주어)
My hobby is reading books. (보어)
I finished reading the book. (동사의 목적어)
I am fond of swimming. (전치사의 목적어)
나. S + forget(remember) --ing(having p.p) : ‘과거’ -- “--한 것을”
to Ⓡ : ‘미래’ -- “--할 것을”
(EX)①He forgot to mail the letter.
= He forgot that he ( ) ( ) the letter.
②He remembered mailing(having mailed) the letter.
= He remembered that he ( ) ( ) the letter.
다.동명사의 부정:동명사 바로 앞에 ‘not’나 ‘never’를 둔다
(EX)I am sure of not failing in the final exam.
라.동명사의 의미상의 주어
①인칭대명사:원칙적으로 ‘소유격’을 사용 . 단,구어체에서는 목적격 사용가능
②생물명사:‘소유격’이나 ‘목적격’ 둘 다 사용
③무생물 명사:‘목적격’ 사용이 원칙
(EX)①I am proud of his being honest.
②He is proud of his son's being honest.
He is proud of his son being honest.
③I am proud of my car being brand-new.
마.동명사의 시제
①단순동명사 : --ing (시제가 동일함을 의미)
②완료동명사 : having + p.p (시제가 한 시제 앞선다는 것을 의미)
(EX)①He is proud that he is honest.
= He is proud ( ) ( ) honest.
②He is proud that he won the game.
= He is proud ( ) ( ) ( ) the game.
바.동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사:resist, give up, deny
enjoy, mind, admit, finish, stop, avoid, consider, postpone, put off,
사.부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사
wish, hope, want, decide, desire, learn, refuse, promise, manage
아.부정사와 동명사 둘 다 목적어로 취하는 동사
begin, start, continue, cease, try, hate, like, love, prefer, propose
☞관계대명사☜
▶접속사와 대명사의 역할을 동시에 하는 것
|
선 행 사 격 |
주 격 |
소 유 격 |
목 적 격 |
|
사 람 |
Who |
Whose |
Whom |
|
사 물, 동 물 |
Which |
Whose(of Which) |
Which |
|
사람,사물,동물 |
That |
× |
That |
|
선행사 포함하는 사물에 대한것 |
What |
× |
What |
※소유격 관계대명사는 “--의”로 해석된다
※목적격 관계대명사다음에는 ‘S + V'가 온다
※(WARNING)-'S think(believe,guess..등)'이 삽입되는 경우에는 조심해야 한다
(EX)What I think is the most important thing in the world is love.
★이 경우에는 what다음에 'S + V'가 삽입이 된 경우이므로 what은 ‘주격’이다
가.용법
①제한(한정)적 용법:관.대앞에 comma(,)가 없고, 관계절이 앞의 선행사 수식 해석
(EX)He had two daughters who became architects.(딸이 2명 이상임)
②계속적 용법:관.대앞에 comma(,)가 있고, 앞에서 뒤로 해석됨
(EX)He had two daughters, who became architects.(딸이 2명뿐임)
이때, 계속적 관.대는 ‘접속사(and,but,for,though) + 대명사’로 바꿀 수 있다
⇒ He had two daughters, and they became architects.
(CF)관.대 ‘that’이나 ‘what’은 계속적 용법이 없다
나.생략
①제한적 용법에서 목적격 관.대는 생략 가능
(EX)This is the planetarium 〔which(that)〕he observes stars in.
②전치사는 관.대앞에 올 수도 있으며, 그 경우에는 생략 불가능
(EX)This is the planetarium in which he observes stars.
③관.대 ‘that’은 전치사와 나란히 쓸 수 없다
(EX)This is the planetarium in that he observes stars. (X)
★ 단, 다음 경우에는 가능(that가 접속사일때)
(EX)Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak.
(--라는 점에서)
④‘전치사 + 관.대’는 ‘관계 부사’로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있으며, 생략 가능.
(EX)This is the planetarium (where) he observes stars.
⑤주격 관.대다음에 'there is'가 오는 경우
(EX)This is the most beautiful dress (that) there is in the world.
⑥'There is/Here is + S'다음에 오는 주격 관.대
(EX)There was a saint (who) once said so.
⑦‘It is’다음에 오는 보어를 선행사로 하는 관.대 주격
(EX)It is his sister (who) wants to see you.
⑧★'주격관.대+be+ --ing(p.p, ⓐ, ⓐ구)'의 형태일 때, "주격관.대+be"는 생략가능
(EX)Look at the dog (which is) sleeping under the chair.
This is the doll (which is ) made by my sister.
다.관.대 'what'은 앞에 선행사(명사 상당어구)가 올 수 없고, “the thing(s) which(that)”이나“all (the things) that”으로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있다
(EX)He saves what(all that) he earns.
라.계속적 용법의 관계대명사의 선행사는 한 단어뿐만 아니라, 구나 절, 그리고
형용사도 될 수 있다
(EX)We don't reuse or recycle, which would save us money.
여기서, ‘선행사’는 ‘reuse or recycle’이다
마.★꼭 알아두어야 할 “what”의 중요한 관용적 표현★
①What if we fail?
②What did he do that for?
③What's the weather like, today?
④She is no longer what she used to be.
= She is no longer what she was.
⑤It began to rain, and what was worse, there was no taxi.
⑥what's more = what's better : 게다가, 덧붙여서(좋은 내용들 사이에 온다)
⑦what is called = what you(we, they) call = so-called = as it were = so to speak : 소위, 이른 바, 말하자면
⑧what S have : S의 재산
⑨what S be동사 현재 : 현재의 S(S의 인격)
⑩and what not = and so on(forth) = et cetera = and the like:기타등등
⑪What(How) about talking over a cup of coffee?
⑫★Reading is to the mind what(as) exercise is to the body.
= ★Just as exercise is to the body, so is reading to the mind.
(위 두 문장에서는 단어들의 순서를 조심할 것)
⑬What with(by) overwork and what with(by) worry, he became ill.
바.복합 관계 대명사 : Whatever, whichever, whoever
♣명사절:①Whatever(Anything that) I have is at your service.
②They will let you have whichever(anything that) you like.
③Whoever(Anyone who) gains the most points wins the competition.
♣양보절:①Whatever(No matter what) happens, he is safe.
②Whichever(No matter which) you choose, make sure that it is a good one.
③Whoever(No matter who) else objects, I do not (object).
사.복합 관계 형용사 : whatever, whichever
①Whatever excuse(Any excuse that) he makes will not be believed.
②Whichever boy(Any boy who) goes out last must lock the door.
아.유사 관계 대명사 : as, but, than
①as:선행사앞에 as, such, the same이 있을때, as라는 유사관.대 쓰임
(EX)I don't like such books ( ) you read.
②but:선행사쪽에 대개 부정어가 붙는 경우에 쓰이며, ‘-하지 않는’의 뜻
(EX)There is no rule ( ) has some exceptions.
③than:선행사쪽에 비교급이 있을 때 사용.
(EX)He offered more ( ) could be expected.
☞관계부사☜
|
선 행 사 |
관 ․ 부 |
|
시간(the time) |
when |
|
장소(the place) |
where |
|
이유(the reason) |
why |
|
방법(the way) |
how |
가.형태:관계부사 when, where, why는 선행사와 관계부사 중 어느 하나를 생략해서 쓰거나, 함께 써도 무방하다.
◆하지만, 관계부사 how는 선행사 the way와 항상 함께 쓸 수 없다.
그리고 모든 관계부사는 ‘that’로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있다
(EX)①Do you remember (the time) (when;that) we first met?
②This is (the place) (where;that) he worked.
③Tell me (the reason) (why;that) you phoned me.
④This is the way I solved the problem.
= This is how I solved the problem.
= This is the way in which I solved the problem.
= This is the way that I solved the problem.
(CF) This is the way how I solved the problem. ( X )
나.용법
①한정(제한)적 용법:관.부앞에 comma(,)가 없고, 뒤에서 앞의 선행사 수식하는 방 식으로 해석하며, ‘전치사+관.대’로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있다.
(EX)This is the house where he was born.
= This is the house ( )( ) he was born.
②계속적 용법:관.부앞에 comma(,)가 있고, 앞에서 뒤로 해석하며, “접속사 (and,but,for,though등)+부사”로 바꾸어 쓸 수 있다.
●계속적 용법은 ‘when’과 'where'만 가능
(EX)I was about to reply, when he cut in.
= I was about to reply, ( )( ) he cut in.
이 때의 선행사는 앞 문장 전체임(I --- reply)
다.관계부사 where의 선행사를 쓰지 않고, 관용적 표현으로 관계부사에 의한
절이 올 수 있다.
(EX)( ) there is a will, there is a way.
( ) there is smoke, there's fire.
☞양보 구문☜
가.●Though(Although,Even if,Even though) S+V --, S'+V' --.:
“비록--일지라도”
●S+V-----, though(although ..etc) S'+V'---.:“비록--일지라도”
※if가 단독으로 ‘비록--일지라도’의 뜻으로 사용될 수도 있다
(EX)Though she was deaf, she learned to speak.
(CF)(구어체)S, though, ---. / S + V ---, though. :“그러나”
(EX)The news, though, may be mistaken.
◆as if(though) S + V --:“마치 --처럼”의 뜻
(EX)It isn't as if(though) he were poor.
나.“--에도 불구하고, --에도 관계없이” : ①despite ②in spite of ③for all
④with all ⑤even with ⑥notwithstanding
⑦in the face of ⑧regardless of
⑨irrespective of ⑩after all --ing(ⓝ)
⑪without regard to
다.복합관계부사, 복합관계대명사는 양보의 의미를 지닐 수 있다.
(EX)However so humble (it may be), there is no place like home.
= ( )( )( ) so humble (it may be), there is no place like home.
= Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home.
라.최상급이 문두에 와서 양보의 뜻으로 사용될 수 있다
(EX)The best writing(article) in the world is of no value if the facts are wrong.
마.무관사ⓝ(ⓐ, 부사, Ⓥ) as S -----:
여기서 'as'는 “비록 --일지라도”로 해석한다
(EX)Poor as he is, he is happy.
= ( ) he is poor, he is happy.
=He is poor,( ) he is happy.
☞분사구문 만드는 비결☜
【접속사 + S + V -------, S' + V' ------- 있을 때】
※접속사는 (시간, 이유, 조건, 양보, 동시동작, 연속동작)을 나타내는 것 중의 하나임
3. S = S', V = V'(시제일치) ☞�～ing 형태로 나타낸다(단순 분사 구문).
(EX) As he had lots of homework to do, he couldn't go swimming.
= Having lots of homework to do, ---------.
4. S ≠ S', V = V'(시제일치) ☞S �～ing 형태로 나타낸다(독립 분사 구문).
(EX) Though it rained yesterday, I attended the meeting.
= It raining yesterday, I ------------.
5. S ≠ S', V = V', S가 일반인(we, they, one)일 때 ☞( 무 : 비인칭 독립 분사 구문)
(EX) If we speak frankly, he is an artist.
= Frankly speaking, he -----------. (관용적 표현)
6. S = S', V의 시제가 V'보다 한 시제 앞설 때, ☞ Having + P.P 형태로 나타낸다
(완료분사구문)
(EX) After she had finished studying English, she began to study math.
= Having finished --------, she--------------.
7. S = S', V = V'(시제일치), V가 수동일 때, ☞(Being) + P.P 형태로 나타낸다.
(EX) As he was given a present by me, he was very happy.
= (Being) given a present-------, --------------.
8. S ≠ S', V의 시제가 V'보다 한 시제 앞섬. V가 수동 ☞ S (Having been) + P.P 형태
(수동 완료 독립 분사 구문)
(EX) As it had been written in German, I couldn't read it.
= It (having been) written in German, I -----------.
9. 접속사절이 부정문일 때, 분사구문 바로 앞에 Not을 붙임 ☞ Not �ing 형태
(EX) Because I didn't know what to do, I telephoned the police.
= Not knowing -----, ----------------.
10. 접속사의 의미를 명확히 하고자 할 때는 접속사를 남겨둘 수도 있다.
(EX) While I was in the hospital, I read a lot of books.
= While (being) in the hospital, -----------------.
※위 구문은 시간 부사절에서 “S + be동사” 생략형태로 볼 수도 있다.
☞수동태 구문☜
●수동태 :능동태의 목적어를 강조하기 위해 문두의 주어로 가져오는 형태 가.원칙
①능동태의 목적어는 수동태의 주어로 바뀜
②동사는 “be + p.p”로 바뀜
③부사(부사구, 부사절)는 그대로 내려옴
④목적격보어는 그대로 내려옴(단,지각,사역동사는 원형부정사가 ‘toⓇ’로 바뀜)
⑤능동태의 주어는 “by + 행위자(목적격)”으로 바뀜
단, 'by +행위자'가 일반인일 때에는 생략할 수 있다(by them, by us등)
나.동사의 형태와 시제에 따른 수동태
①조동사 + Ⓡ ⇒ 조동사 + be + p.p
(EX)We will elect a new mayor.
⇒ A new mayor ( ) ( ) elected (by us).
②진행형:‘be + --ing’ ⇒ ‘be + being + p.p’
(EX)They are repairing the bridge.
⇒ The bridge ( ) ( ) repaired (by them).
③완료형:have(has ; had) + p.p ⇒ have(has ; had) been + p.p
(EX)She had cleaned my shoes.
⇒ My shoes ( ) ( ) cleaned by her.
④미래완료형:will have p.p ⇒ will have been p.p
(EX)I will have done the task.
⇒ The task will ( ) ( ) done by me.
※주의해야 할 수동태
가.절이 목적어일때:
①They thought that he was industrious.
= That he was industrious was thought (by them). - 절을 주어로
= It was thought that he was industrious. - 가주어,진주어 구문
= He was thought ( ) ( ) industrious.-시제일치시:단순부정사 구문
②They thought that he had been industrious.
= That he had been industrious was thought (by them).
= It was thought that he had been industrious.
= He was thought ( )( )( ) industrious.
- 시제가 한 시제 앞설 때:완료 부정사 구문
나.동사구의 수동태: 동사구를 하나의 동사로 본다
①She took care of her baby.
= Her baby was taken care of by her.
②She took good care of her baby.
= Good care ( )( )( )( )( )by her.-'Good care'이 목적어
= Her baby was ( )( )( )( ) by her. - ‘her baby'가 목적어
다.지각, 사역 동사의 수동태
①Mother made us work hard.
= We were made ( )( ) hard by mother.
②I saw him enter the room.
= He was seen ( )( ) the room by me.
라.‘by + 행위자’대신 다른 전치사를 사용하는 수동태(관용어구들)
①His name is known to all the people in the world.
②I'm interested in this novel.
③The mountain was covered with snow.
④Mary was pleased with the Christmas gift.
⑤The cup is filled with hot milk.
⑥I was satisfied with her answer.
⑦They were surprised at the news of his death.
마.수동태로 바꿀 수 없는 타동사 : have, resemble
(EX)A pretty cat is had by her. (X)
Your father is resembled by you. (X)
바.①긍정 명령 수동태: Ⓡ + 목적어 ⇒ Let 목적어 be p.p
(EX)Open the door. ⇒ Let the door ( )( ).
②부정 명령 수동태: Don't Ⓡ + 목적어 ⇒ Let 목적어 not be p.p
⇒ Don't let 목적어 be p.p.
(EX)Don't open the door. ⇒ Let the door ( )( )( ).
⇒ ( ) let the door be opened.
☞비교구문☜
가.동등비교: as 원급 as -- : “--만큼 ～한”
(EX)He can run as fast ( ) you.
나.열등비교: not so(as) 원급 as -- : “--만큼 ～하지 않은”
(EX)My brother is not as(so) tall as your brother.
다.우등비교: 비교급 than -- : “--보다 더 ～한”
(EX)This is more interesting ( ) that.
다'.열등비교: less 원급 than -- : “--보다 덜 ～한”
라.비교급 강조:much(far,a lot,even,still) 비교급 : “훨씬(더욱) --한”
(EX)Women drive far more carefully than men.
마.비교급앞에 ‘the’를 쓰는 경우
①The + 비교급 ----, the + 비교급 ～～～.:“--하면 할수록, 더 ～하다”
(EX)The higher we go up, ( ) farther we can see.
②문장안에 ‘of the two’가 있을 때
(EX)John is ( ) cleverer of the two.
③문장안에 ‘이유’를 나타내는 ‘구’나 ‘절’이 있을 때
(EX)I like him all the more for his honesty.
바.원급, 비교급을 이용한 최상급 표현
(EX)Gears is the largest retailer in the country.
= Gears is larger than ( )( )( ) in the country.
= Gears is the largest of ( )( )( ) in the coutry.
= No (other) retailer in the country is as(so) ( )( )( ).
= ( )( ) retailer in the country is larger than gears.
사.관용적 표현들
①as 원급 as S can(could)=as 원급 as possible :“가능한 한 -한(하게)”
(EX)I would like to travel around Korea as much as possible.
②no longer = not -- any longer :“더 이상 --가 아니다”
no more = not -- any more :“더 이상 --가 아니다”
(EX)I can bear it no longer.
= I can not bear it ( )( ).
③most of ⓝ : “ⓝ의 대부분”
(EX)He spends most of his money on books.
④most ⓝ : “대부분의 ⓝ”
(EX)Most Korean students learn English.
⑤the most ⓐ ⓝ : “가장 --한 ⓝ” ,
(EX)She is the most sensible girl in the world.
⑥most ⓐ : “아주 --한”
(EX)This detective story is most exciting.
⑦a most ⓐ ⓝ : “아주 --한 ⓝ”
(EX)He is a most proud person.
⑧at most = not more than : “기껏해야”
(EX)I can give you at most 50 dollars.
⑨at least = not less than : “적어도”
(EX)Tom paid at least 3,000 won.
❶no(thing) more than = nothing but = but = only : “오직, 다만”
(EX)He is no more than a puppet.
❷no less than=as much(many) as :ꊓ.“--만큼이나” ꊔ.“--와 마찬가지로”
(EX)ꊓ. He paid no less than 100 dollars.
ꊔ. He is no less than a beggar.
❸not A so much as B = not so much A as B = B rather than A:
“A라기 보다는 오히려 B인”
(EX)A man's worth lies not in what he has so much as in what he is.
= A man's worth lies not so much in what he has as in what he is.
= A man's worth lies in ( )( )( ) rather than in ( )( ) ( ).
❹not so much as : “--조차 않다” = not even
(EX)He would not so much as look at me.
❺So much for today. : 오늘은 이것으로 마치겠습니다.
아.무관사 최상급
①최상급이 소유격과 함께 쓰일 때
(EX)He is my best friend.
②부사의 최상급일 때
(EX)I like roses best of all flowers.
③동일물의 자체 성질을 나타낼 때
(EX)This lake is deepest at this point.
(CF)This lake is the deepest in Korea.(동일 호수내에서가 아닌 한국 의 많은 호수중에서 비교임)
자.배수사 표현
--- one and a half times as 원급 as ～～ : “～～보다 1배 반”
twice (two times) 비교급 than ～～ : “～보다 2배”
three times
(EX)His room is twice as large as mine.
His room is twice larger ( )( ).
차.라틴어 어원(끝이 -or로 끝남)의 형용사는 비교구문에서 than대신 to가 쓰임
※ senior , junior , superior , inferior , prefer -- etc.
(EX)①I prefer studying to playing.
= I prefer to study rather than (to) play.
②He is superior to ( ) in English.
= He is better than I in English.
카.“--하자마자” 용법
As soon as she entered her room, she began to cry.
= On(Upon) entering her room, she ------.
= The moment(minute,instant) she entered her room, she -------.
= Instantly(Directly,Immediately) she entered her room, she ---.
= She had hardly(scarcely) entered her room, when(before) she began to cry.
★이 용법에서는 시제가 한 시제 빨라짐을 주의. ★종속절의 접속사 주의할 것.
= Hardly(Scarcely) had she entered her room, when(before) she began to cry.
★부정어 도치시에는 어순 주의: “부정어 + 조동사 + 주어 + 본동사--”어순
= She had no sooner entered her room, than she --------.
★이 용법에서도 시제가 한 시제 빨라짐을 주의. ★종속절의 접속사 주의할 것.
= No sooner had she entered her room, than she --------.
★부정어 도치시에는 어순 주의:“부정어 + 조동사 + 주어 + 본동사---”어순
(Q)( )에 알맞은 단어들을 채워 문장들을 완성하시오.
As soon as the game started, it began to rain.
=( ; )( )( ) starting, it ----------- .
=( ; ; ) the game started, it -------- .
=( ; ; ) the game started, it -------- .
=The game ( )( ; )( ), ( ; ) it ------- .
=( ; )( ) the game started, ( ; ) it ----- .
=The game ( )( )( )( ), ( ) it ------- .
=( )( )( ) the game started, ( ) it -------- .
☞가정법 구문☜
가.가정법 현재-현재, 미래의 일에 대한 불확실한 상상
●형식:If + S + 동.원(현재형)----, S' + will(shall, can, may) +동.원
“ S가 -----한다면, S'가 할 것이다 ”
(EX)If he be(is) a gentleman, he will keep a secret.
★나.가정법 과거-현재 사실에 반대되는 것을 가정 ⇔ 직설법 현재
●형식:If+S+were또는 동사의 과거형 --, S'+would(should,could,might)+동.원
“S가 만일 --한다면, S'가 --할텐데”
(EX)If he ( ) not poor, he could buy a furniture.
= As he is poor, he ( ) buy a furniture.
★다.가정법 과거완료-과거 사실의 반대를 가정 ⇔ 직설법 과거
●형식:If+S+had+p.p ------, S'+would(should,could,might)+have+p.p--.
“S'가 만일 ---했더라면, S'가 --했을 텐데”
(EX)If he ( ) ( ) harder, he would have succeeded.
= As he didn't work harder, he didn't succeed.
라.가정법 미래-“만일 S가 --한다면, S'가 --할 것이다”
①미래에 대한 강한 의심:If+S+should+동.원-, S'+조동사현재나 과거형+동.원
(EX)If it should rain tomorrow,I will(would) put off my departure
②실현 불가능한 미래:If+S+were to+동.원, S'+조동사 과거형+동.원
(EX)If I were to be young again, I would study harder.
(CF)If(=Even if) the sun were to rise in the west, I would not
change my mind. (If는 양보를 나타내며, ‘설령--한다 할지라도’의 뜻임)
(WARNING)위의 ①, ②의 조건절은 현대영어에서는 구별없이 사용하지만, 조건절에
‘were to’가 오는 경우에는 주절에 조동사 과거형만 사용할 수 있다.
라'.If를 대신할 수 있는 어구들 : Provided(Providing,Suppose,Supposing)S+V
해석:“만약 --라고 가정하면”
(EX)①Provided(Providing,Suppose,Supposing) it were true, what would you do?
②Provided(Providing,Suppose,Supposing) a whim didn't come into his head, he was to be trusted.
마.주의해야 할 가정법
①I wish S 가정법 과거 :“S가 --하면 좋을 텐데”-현재.미래에 이룰 수 없는 소망
S 가정법 과거완료:“--했더라면 좋았을 텐데”-과거에 이루지 못한 소망
(EX)I wish I were a scholar. = I am sorry I ( ) ( ) a scholar.
I wish I could drive a car. = I am sorry I ( ) drive a car.
I wish I had not gone there. = I am sorry I ( ) there.
②S + V --as if(as though) S' 가정법 과거:“마치 --인 것처럼”
가정법 과거완료:“마치 --했던 것처럼”
(EX)He talks as if he knew it. = In fact he ( ) ( ) it.
He speaks as though he had seen her.=In fact he ( ) see her.
③If의 생략:‘If’가 생략되면, “조동사(또는 동사) + S --"의 형태가 된다
(EX)㉠Were I(=If I were) rich, I would buy the house.
㉡Had I known(=If I had known) your address, I should have written to you.
㉢Should I(=If I should) die, what would I become of my family?
④But for(=Without) --, S' 조동사과거 + 동.원:“--이 없다면”
(EX)But for(=Without) the sun, nothing could live on the earth.
= ( )( )( )( )( ) the sun, nothing ----- .
= ( )( )( )( ) the sun, nothing ------ .(If의 생략)
④'But for(=Without) --, S' 조동사과거 have p.p.:“--이 없었더라면”
(EX)But for(=Without) your advice, I would have failed.
= ( )( )( )( )( )( ) your advice, I would ----- .
= ( )( )( )( )( ) your advice, I would ----- . (If의 생략)
= ( ) you advised me, I didn't fail. (직설법 과거)
⑤기타 중요한 용법
★It is time S + 가정법 과거(또는, to + 동.원) : “S가 --해야할 시간이다”
(EX)It's time you went to bed.
= It's time ( ) you ( ) ( ) to bed.
★명사가 가정법 조건절을 대신하는 경우
(EX)An honest man wouldn't have done so.
= If he ( )( ) an honest man, he wouldn't have done so.
★'to Ⓡ'가 가정법 조건절을 대신하는 경우
(EX)To hear him speak English, you would take him for an American.
= If you ( ) him speak English, you would ------------- .
☞의문문 관련 구문☜
가.간접의문문:의문문이 문장 중간에 들어가는 의문문
①의문사가 있는 의문문: “의문사 + S + V”의 순서
(EX)He doesn't know. + Who is she?
⇒ He doesn't know ( ) ( ) ( ).
②의문사가 없는 의문문: “if(whether) + S + V”의 어순
(EX)I don't know. + Will it rain tomorrow?
⇒ I don't know ( ; ) ( ) ( ) rain tomorrow.
③문장의 본동사가 “think, suppose, guess, imagine, say, believe”일 때, 의문사가 문두로 나온다.
(EX)Do you suppose? + Where did they go fishing yesterday?
⇒( ) do you suppose ( ) ( ) fishing yesterday?
나.수사의문문:상대방 대답을 필요로 하지 않는 강조를 위한 의문문 (EX)①Who knows if he will past the test?
=( ) ( ) ( ) if he will past the test.
②Why should we repair the old when we can buy the new?
= We ( ) ( ) the old when we can buy the new.
③What would I not give to see her again?
= I would ( ) ( ) to see her again.
④Who that has read “Romeo and Juliet” can forget its story?
=( ; ; ) who has read “Romeo and Juliet” remembers its story.
☞분수 관련 표현☜
가.“분자(기수)-분모(서수)”로 표현
(EX)①1/5 ⇒ a(one) fifth ②1/7 ⇒ a(one) seventh
나.분자가 2이상일 때에는, 분모에 ‘s’를 붙인다.
(EX)①2/3 ⇒ two-thirds ②5/7 ⇒ five-sevenths
다.분수의 관용적 표현
(EX)①1/2 ⇒ a half ②1/4 ⇒ a quarter
라.“분수 of ⓝ + V”의 구문에서는 ⓝ의 수에 따라 V의 수(단수, 복수형)가
결정된다.
(EX)①Three-fourths of apples ( is, are ) rotten.
②Three-quarters of an apple ( is, are ) rotten.
☞동격 관련 구문☜
♣다음에서 동격을 이루는 두 단어나, 어구 또는 절을 찾아보시오.
가.of
(EX)In 1780, there was terrible disease of smallpox.
나.that
(EX)The thought occurred to her that she might never see him again.
다.or
(EX)I ran 10 miles or about 16 kilometers.
라.comma( , )
(EX)She has but one aim in life, to make money.
마.that is (to say) = namely = in other words
= to put it in another terms(way)
(EX)①The meeting will be held next Thursday, that is, september 22nd.
②Only one person can do the job, namely, you.
바.dash( - ) , colon( : ) , semi-colon( ; )으로도 동격을 나타 낼 수 있다
☞도치구문☜
가.so구문
①‘so + V + S’의 순서로 “--도 역시 마찬가지다” - 앞 문장이 ‘긍정문’임
(EX)His father is a carpenter, and so is he.
②As .... , so ---. “.....과 마찬가지로,---도 (비슷하다)”
(EX)As the dessert is like a sea, so is the camel like a ship.
(EX)As in the arts, so also in the politics, the new must always prevail over the old.
나.neither, nor구문
①neither A nor B : “A와 B 둘 다 아니다”
(EX)Neither does cowardice ensure nor does courage preclude defeat.(겁이 많다고 해서 반드시 진다고도 할 수 없고, 용기가 있다고 해서 지지 않는다고도 할 수 없다) - defeat가 공통관계
②‘Neither + V + S’의 순서로 “--도 역시 마찬가지다” - 앞 문장이 ‘부정문’임
(EX)I have not asked for help, neither(nor) do I desire it.
다.부정어 도치:‘부정어 + 조동사 + S + 본동사’
(EX)I never dreamed that he was famous.
⇒( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) that he was famous.
라.보어 도치:‘보어 + 동사 + 주어’
(EX)His joy was great when he heard the news.
⇒( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) when he heard the news.
마.목적어 도치:‘목적어 + S + V’
(EX)He broke the promise in a week.
⇒( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) in a week.
바.부정목적어 도치:‘부정목적어 + 조동사 + S + 본동사’
(EX)He did not speak a single word.
⇒ Not a single word ( ) ( ) ( ).
사.부사 도치
①부사(구) + S + V :‘S가 대명사일때’
(EX)Here it is. / Here you(they) are. / Here we are. / There he goes.
②부사(구) + V + S :‘S가 명사일때’
(EX)A church stood on a hill in front of them.
⇒ on a hill in front of them ( ) ( ) ( ).
☞부정어 구문☜
가.“...하자마자 --했다”:hardly(scarcely) ....... when(before) ----
= no sooner ..... than ----.
(EX)I had hardly(scarcely) reached there when(before) it began to rain.
= ( ; )( )( )( ) there when(before) it began to rain.
= I had no sooner reached there than it began to rain.
= No ( )( )( ) reached there ( ) it began to rain.
나.★‘거의-않다’ -【hardly,rarely,seldom,barely,scarcely,few,little】★
(EX)I think I could hardly love any one better.
(난 어떤 사람을 그보다 더 사랑할 수는 없을 것이라고 생각한다)
다.★부분부정-부정어 'not'이 always(all, both, every, totally, altogether, necessarily...)와 결합하여 “항상 --한 것은 아니다”로 해석된다
※다음의 예문을 밑줄친 부분에 유의하여 해석해 보시오.
(EX)①A great scholar is not necessarily a good teacher.
②Homemade products are not always inferior to those from abroad.
③All that glitters is not gold.
☞기타주요구문☜
가.To one's 감정명사(dismay,regret,surprise,sadness) : “--하게도”
(EX)To my surprise, the student won the first prize in the contest.
나.★S + V -- lest S' + (should) + Ⓡ --.: “S'가 -하지 않도록”
= for fear that or “S'가 -하면 안되니까”
= for fear of -ing
(EX)Be careful lest you (should) fall down.
He ran down the hill lest rain (should) begin to fall.
☞강조 구문☜
①동사강조:동사앞에 조동사 do(does,did)를 둔다 - “정말로”의 의미
(EX)He knows the secret. ⇒ He does know the secret.
②“It is(was) -- that”강조용법:‘--’위치에 강조할 것을 넣는다
(EX)He found the seeds of the plant.
▶It was he that(who) found the seeds of the plant.
(he강조)
▶It was the seeds of the plant that(which) he found.
(the seeds of the plant를 강조)
③not A until(before) B 구문
(EX)He didn't arrive until the dinner was half over.
= It was not until the dinner was half over that he arrived.
= Not until the dinner was half over ( )( )( ).
= only after the dinner was half over ( )( )( ).
④의문문 강조: “on earth, in the world, ever”로 강조 - “도대체”
(EX)●Who on earth told you the rumor?
●What in the world happened?
●How ever did you escape?
⑤the very ⓝ : “바로 그 ⓝ”
(EX)He is the very man that I am looking for.
⑥the last ⓝ : ㉠마지막 ⓝ ㉡결코--하지 않는 ⓝ ㉢최신의 ㉣최상의
(EX)㉠This is his last chance.
㉡He is the last man (in the world) I want to see.